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Description: The music of the anthems is from a valuable website whose address ishttp://david.national-anthems.net/faq.The area of Iraq, known as Mesopotamia in ancient times, was home to a succession of cultures including Sumerians, Assyrians, Babylonians and Persians. The Mesopotamian plain fell to the Muslim caliphate in the seventh century A.D. The Abbasids made Baghdad (founded 762) into the seat of the caliphate, and the city became one of the world's greatest repositories of literary and scientific learning. Invading Mongols sacked Baghdad in 1258 and, devastated, the area eventually came under the control of the Ottoman Turks, who ruled Iraq from their capital in Constantinople until the end of the first world war. When the defeated Ottoman empire was broken up, three Ottoman provinces were combined into the British mandate (protectorate) of Iraq. After a short period of British control, Iraq became a fully sovereign kingdom in 1932. In the 36 years that followed, Iraqi politics were unstable, including a series of coups and counter-coups after the death of King Faisal, Iraq's first monarch, in 1933. In 1958 the political turmoil came to a head, when a coup led by General Abdul Karim Qasim toppled the monarchy for good. But Qasim's rule was short-lived too. In 1963 he was overthrown in a coup orchestrated by members of the Arab Socialist Renaissance Party (Baath party). A counter-coup deposed the Baathists nine months later, but the plotters failed to consolidate their power, and the Baathists returned in 1968. General Ahmad Hassan al-Bakr, a leading figure in the coup that deposed Qasim in 1963, was named president. His handpicked successor, Saddam Hussein, became president after al-Bakr's resignation in 1979. In 1980, Iraq invaded the newly formed Islamic Republic of Iran. After early successes (aided by America and Britain, which feared Iran's militant Islamism), the Iraqi army was pushed back, and the conflict stalled into a devastating war of attrition. When it ended inconclusively in 1988, Iraq's economy was in ruins. Two years later Iraq, which had largely rebuilt its military machine, easily conquered oil-rich Kuwait in an unprovoked attack. But under the aegis of the United Nations, an American-led multinational force expelled Iraqi troops from Kuwait in February 1991. Subsequent UN resolutions were set up to halt its chemical, biological and nuclear weapons programme, and trade sanctions were imposed to enforce them. But Hussein defied the sanctions and weapons inspectors for most of 12 years, and in 2003 another, smaller coalition led by America and Britain ousted him and occupied the country after a three-week war. The coalition subsequently established a provisional authority, charged with basic administration and overseeing the creation of a new constitution for Iraq.
